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Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
Kamal al-Din Hasan ibn Ali ibn Hasan al-Farisi 〔http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=1100#ftn40〕〔Library of the Madrasa Ali Shahid Mutahhari, Tehran: MS 554〕〔Tanqih al-Manazir, autograph manuscript, Adilnor Collection, Sweden.〕 or Abu Hasan Muhammad ibn Hasan (1267– 12 January 1319,〔Library of the Madrasa Ali Shahid Mutahhari, Tehran: MS 554〕〔Ahmad Fuad Basha, Ahammiyat al-Makhtutat al-Ilmiyyah al-Sharihah (Kitab Tanqih al-Manazir Namuzajan)〕 long assumed to be 1320)〔(Sameen Ahmed Khan ), ("Arab Origins of the Discovery of the Refraction of Light" ), in ''Optics and Photonics News'', October 2007, pp. 22–23〕) ((ペルシア語:كمالالدين فارسی)) was a prominent Muslim scientist. He made two major contributions to science, one on optics, the other on number theory. Farisi was a pupil of the great astronomer and mathematician Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, who in turn was a pupil of Nasir al-Din Tusi.
==Optics==
His work on optics was prompted by a question put to him concerning the refraction of light. Shirazi advised him to consult the ''Book of Optics'' of Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), and Farisi made such a deep study of this treatise that Shirazi suggested that he write what is essentially a revision of that major work, which came to be called the ''Tanqih''. Qutb al-Din Al-Shirazi himself was writing a commentary on works of Avicenna at the time.
Farisi is known for giving the first mathematically satisfactory explanation of the rainbow, and an explication of the nature of colours that reformed the theory of Ibn al-Haytham Alhazen.〔Nader El-Bizri, 'Ibn al-Haytham et le problème de la couleur', ''Oriens-Occidens: Cahiers du centre d'histoire des sciences et des philosophies arabes et médiévales, C.N.R.S''. Vol. 7 (2009), pp. 201–226 .〕 Farisi also "proposed a model where the ray of light from the sun was refracted twice by a water droplet, one or more reflections occurring between the two refractions." He verified this through extensive experimentation using a transparent sphere filled with water and a camera obscura.
His research in this regard was based on theoretical investigations in dioptrics conducted on the so-called ''Burning Sphere'' (''al-Kura al-muhriqa'') in the tradition of Ibn Sahl (d. ca. 1000) and Ibn al-Haytham (d. ca. 1041) after him. As he noted in his ''Kitab Tanqih al-Manazir'' (''The Revision of the Optics''), Farisi used a large clear vessel of glass in the shape of a sphere, which was filled with water, in order to have an experimental large-scale model of a rain drop. He then placed this model within a camera obscura that has a controlled aperture for the introduction of light. He projected light unto the sphere and ultimately deducted through several trials and detailed observations of reflections and refractions of light that the colors of the rainbow are phenomena of the decomposition of light. His research had resonances with the studies of his contemporary Theodoric of Freiberg (without any contacts between them; even though they both relied on Ibn al-Haytham's legacy), and later with the experiments of Descartes and Newton in dioptrics (for instance, Newton conducted a similar experiment at Trinity College, though using a prism rather than a sphere).〔Nader El-Bizri, "Ibn al-Haytham", in ''Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia'', eds. Thomas F. Glick, Steven J. Livesey, and Faith Wallis (New York — London: Routledge, 2005), pp. 237–240.〕〔Nader El-Bizri, "Optics", in ''Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia'', ed. Josef W. Meri (New York – London: Routledge, 2005), Vol. II, pp. 578–580〕〔Nader El-Bizri, "Al-Farisi, Kamal al-Din," in ''The Biographical Encyclopaedia of Islamic Philosophy'', ed. Oliver Leaman (London — New York: Thoemmes Continuum, 2006), Vol. I, pp. 131–135〕〔Nader El-Bizri, "Ibn al-Haytham, al-Hasan", in ''The Biographical Encyclopaedia of Islamic Philosophy'', ed. Oliver Leaman (London — New York: Thoemmes Continuum, 2006), Vol. I, pp. 248–255.〕
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